IELTS - IELTS Reading मॉक टेस्ट

Read the following paragraph: "Language extinction is a growing concern among linguists and anthropologists. UNESCO estimates that of the approximately 7,000 languages spoken today, more than 4,000 are endangered, with one language dying out roughly every two weeks. When a language dies, it takes with it an entire system of knowledge, including traditional ecological knowledge about local plants and animals, unique cultural expressions, and centuries of oral history. Indigenous languages, in particular, often contain sophisticated classification systems for the natural environment that have been developed over thousands of years. Preservation efforts include creating written records, establishing immersion schools, and using digital technology to document and teach endangered languages, though success rates vary widely depending on community engagement and government support." Which heading best describes the paragraph? a) The Methods Used by UNESCO to Count Global Languages b) The Impact of Language Loss and Preservation Efforts c) The Classification Systems Used by Indigenous Peoples d) Government Policies Toward Indigenous Languages Worldwide

Passage excerpt: "The process of photosynthesis is the foundation of life on Earth, allowing plants, algae, and some bacteria to convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen. The process occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, specifically within structures called thylakoids, which contain the green pigment chlorophyll. During the light-dependent reactions, chlorophyll absorbs sunlight and uses its energy to split water molecules, releasing oxygen as a byproduct. In the light-independent reactions, also known as the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide is converted into glucose using the energy stored in molecules called ATP and NADPH. Without photosynthesis, the atmosphere would not contain enough oxygen to support most forms of life." What is released as a byproduct when chlorophyll splits water molecules during photosynthesis? a) Carbon dioxide b) Glucose c) Oxygen d) ATP

Passage excerpt: "Memory is not a single, unified system but rather comprises multiple types that function differently. Short-term memory, also known as working memory, holds information temporarily for immediate use and has a limited capacity of about seven items plus or minus two. Long-term memory is divided into explicit (declarative) memory, which includes episodic memory for personal experiences and semantic memory for general knowledge, and implicit (non-declarative) memory, which includes procedural memory for skills and habits. The hippocampus plays a crucial role in forming new explicit memories, while procedural memories are stored in different brain regions, including the basal ganglia and cerebellum. This distinction explains why people with amnesia, who cannot form new explicit memories, can still learn new motor skills." Complete the notes below. | Type of Memory | Description | Key Brain Region | |----------------|-------------|------------------| | Working memory | Holds info temporarily; capacity of about 7 +/- 2 items | Not specified | | Explicit (declarative) memory | Includes episodic and ______ memory | ______ | | Implicit (non-declarative) memory | Includes procedural memory for skills and habits | Basal ganglia and ______ | | semantic | hippocampus | cerebellum | a) semantic — hippocampus — cerebellum b) hippocampus — semantic — cerebellum c) cerebellum — semantic — hippocampus d) semantic — cerebellum — hippocampus

Passage excerpt: "Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence. Environmental factors such as diet, stress, and exposure to toxins can cause chemical modifications to DNA or the histone proteins around which DNA is wound. These modifications can turn genes on or off, effectively determining which genes are expressed in particular cells. For example, identical twins start life with nearly identical epigenetic marks, but as they age and experience different environments, their epigenetic profiles diverge, contributing to differences in appearance, health, and disease susceptibility. Understanding epigenetic mechanisms has important implications for cancer treatment, as many tumors show abnormal epigenetic patterns that could potentially be reversed with targeted drugs." Complete the sentence based on the passage: The passage suggests that epigenetic changes are significant because they ______. a) permanently alter the DNA sequence of an organism b) determine gene expression without changing the DNA sequence c) can only be caused by genetic inheritance from parents d) have no impact on disease susceptibility or health outcomes

Read the following paragraph: "Abstract art, which departs from realistic representation of visual reality, emerged in the early twentieth century as artists sought new ways to express emotions and ideas through form, color, and line. Wassily Kandinsky, often credited as one of the pioneers of abstract art, believed that colors and shapes could communicate spiritual truths much like music communicates without words. His 1911 treatise Concerning the Spiritual in Art argued that art should express the inner nature of subjects rather than their external appearance. Around the same time, Piet Mondrian developed a geometric style using only vertical and horizontal lines and primary colors, which he believed represented universal harmony. Abstract art continues to influence contemporary artists, designers, and architects, challenging viewers to find meaning beyond literal representation." Which heading best describes the paragraph? a) The Commercial Success of Abstract Art in the Twenty-First Century b) The Origins and Philosophy of Abstract Art c) Comparing Kandinsky and Mondrian's Use of Color d) The Relationship Between Music and Visual Art

Passage excerpt: "CRISPR-Cas9, originally discovered as a component of the bacterial immune system, has revolutionized genetic engineering. In nature, bacteria use CRISPR sequences — clusters of regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats — along with Cas9 enzymes to defend against viral infections. When a virus infects a bacterium, the Cas9 enzyme cuts the viral DNA at specific locations guided by RNA sequences stored in the CRISPR array. Scientists have adapted this system into a powerful gene-editing tool, capable of precisely cutting and modifying DNA sequences in virtually any organism. The technology's ease of use, low cost, and high precision have made it accessible to laboratories worldwide. However, ethical concerns have arisen regarding its use in editing human embryos, as changes made to embryonic cells can be passed down to future generations." The passage states that CRISPR-Cas9 was first discovered in human cells.

Passage excerpt: "Cryptocurrency, introduced to the world in 2009 with the launch of Bitcoin, has fundamentally challenged traditional notions of money and finance. Unlike government-issued currencies, cryptocurrencies operate on decentralized networks based on blockchain technology — a distributed ledger maintained by thousands of computers worldwide. This decentralization means no single authority, such as a central bank, controls the supply or regulates transactions. Proponents argue that cryptocurrency promotes financial inclusion, reduces transaction costs, and protects against inflation by limiting supply. Critics, however, point to its extreme price volatility, use in illegal activities, and enormous energy consumption, particularly in Bitcoin mining, which some estimates suggest consumes as much electricity as a medium-sized country." According to the passage, all cryptocurrencies are controlled by central banks.

Passage excerpt: "Research into the gut microbiome has accelerated dramatically over the past two decades. A landmark study by Turnbaugh et al. (2006) demonstrated that germ-free mice colonized with bacteria from obese humans gained significantly more body fat than those colonized with bacteria from lean humans, suggesting a direct link between gut bacteria composition and obesity. Later, Backhed et al. (2007) identified a specific bacterium, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, as the most abundant antibacterial factor in the gut, producing butyrate which has anti-inflammatory properties. More recently, Santistevan et al. (2017) showed that the timing of bacterial colonization in infants, particularly through delivery method and feeding practices, can influence immune system development and predispose individuals to allergic diseases later in life." Match the findings to the researchers. a) Turnbaugh et al. — F. prausnitzii produces butyrate with anti-inflammatory properties b) Backhed et al. — Delivery method and feeding practices influence immune development c) Santistevan et al. — Gut bacteria from obese humans cause increased body fat in mice d) Turnbaugh et al. — Infant bacterial colonization timing affects allergy development