Summary Completion Mock Tests

Passage excerpt: "Bees communicate the location of food sources through a complex dance known as the waggle dance. The direction of the waggle run indicates the angle relative to the sun, while the duration of the waggle phase correlates with the distance to the destination. Other bees interpret these movements to locate the food source." Complete the summary below using words from the box. | direction | distance | speed | angle | duration | temperature | |-----------|-----------|-------|-------|----------|-------------| The waggle dance conveys two key pieces of information: the ______ of the food source relative to the sun, and the ______ to the food source. a) angle — distance b) direction — duration c) direction — distance d) speed — angle

Passage excerpt: "The Silk Road was not a single road but a network of trade routes connecting East Asia to the Mediterranean, active from roughly the second century BCE to the 15th century CE. While it is famous for the trade of silk, porcelain, and spices, the Silk Road was equally important for the exchange of ideas, technologies, and diseases. Buddhism travelled from India to China along these routes, transforming Chinese philosophy and culture. Papermaking, invented in China around the second century BCE, spread westward after the Battle of Talas in 751 CE, when Chinese prisoners reportedly taught their Islamic captors the technique. Within a century, paper mills operated in Baghdad and Damascus. Perhaps most significantly, the Silk Road facilitated the spread of infectious diseases. The Black Death, which devastated Europe in the 14th century, is believed to have travelled along these trade routes from Central Asia, killing an estimated 30 to 60 per cent of Europe's population." Complete the summary below using words from the box: religion, weapons, techniques, diseases, currency, textiles. The Silk Road enabled not only trade but also the spread of Buddhism from India to China. Chinese papermaking spread westward after prisoners taught their captors the ______. However, the trade routes also carried deadly ______, including the Black Death, which killed up to 60 per cent of Europe's population. a) textiles — techniques — currency b) religion — techniques — diseases c) textiles — weapons — diseases d) religion — techniques — currency

Passage excerpt: "Thermodynamics, the branch of physics dealing with heat and energy, is governed by four fundamental laws. The zeroth law states that if two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other — this law defines the concept of temperature. The first law, also known as the law of conservation of energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another. The second law introduces the concept of entropy, stating that the total entropy of an isolated system always increases over time, which explains why heat spontaneously flows from hot to cold objects but never in reverse. The third law states that as a system approaches absolute zero temperature, its entropy approaches a constant minimum." Complete the summary below using words from the box. | destroyed — entropy — temperature — transformed — created — minimum | |------------------------------------------------------------------| The zeroth law defines ______ by establishing that systems in mutual thermal equilibrium share the same value. The first law states that energy cannot be created or ______, only ______ from one form to another. The second law introduces ______, which always increases in isolated systems. The third law states that near absolute zero, entropy approaches a ______ value. a) temperature — destroyed — transformed — entropy — minimum b) temperature — created — transformed — entropy — minimum c) entropy — destroyed — transformed — temperature — minimum d) temperature — destroyed — created — entropy — maximum

Passage excerpt: "Renewable energy sources, including solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal power, are becoming increasingly important in the global effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Solar panels convert sunlight directly into electricity using photovoltaic cells, while wind turbines capture the kinetic energy of moving air and convert it into electrical power. The cost of renewable energy technologies has fallen dramatically over the past decade, making them competitive with, and in many cases cheaper than, fossil fuels. However, renewable energy faces challenges related to intermittency — the sun does not always shine and the wind does not always blow — which requires the development of energy storage solutions such as advanced batteries to ensure a reliable power supply." Complete the summary below using words from the box. | emissions — kinetic — competitive — intermittency — supply — photovoltaic | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------| Renewable energy is crucial for reducing greenhouse gas ______. Solar panels use ______ cells to convert sunlight, while wind turbines capture ______ energy from moving air. Renewable costs have fallen, making them ______ with fossil fuels. However, ______ requires energy storage to ensure a reliable power ______." a) emissions — photovoltaic — kinetic — competitive — intermittency — supply b) pollution — photovoltaic — kinetic — expensive — intermittency — supply c) emissions — solar — potential — competitive — intermittency — demand d) emissions — photovoltaic — potential — competitive — supply — intermittency

Passage excerpt: "Antibiotics have saved millions of lives since their discovery, but the overuse and misuse of these drugs has led to a global health crisis. Bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics through genetic mutations or by acquiring resistance genes from other bacteria. When antibiotics are used unnecessarily — such as for viral infections, against which antibiotics are ineffective — or when courses are not completed, the strongest bacteria survive and multiply. This process of natural selection means that future infections caused by these resistant bacteria are harder to treat, requiring stronger drugs with more side effects. The World Health Organization has identified antibiotic resistance as one of the top three threats to global health." Complete the summary below using words from the box. | mutations | resistance | viruses | survival | weaker | stronger | Bacteria develop antibiotic ______ through genetic ______ or by acquiring genes from other bacteria. When antibiotics are used, the ______ bacteria survive and multiply, making future infections harder to treat. a) resistance — mutations — stronger b) viruses — survival — weaker c) resistance — viruses — stronger d) mutations — resistance — weaker

Passage excerpt: "Memory is not a single, unified system but rather consists of multiple types that operate independently. Short-term memory, also known as working memory, holds information temporarily for immediate use, typically lasting about 15 to 30 seconds without rehearsal. Long-term memory is divided into explicit memory, which includes facts and events that can be consciously recalled, and implicit memory, which involves unconscious memories such as skills and habits. The hippocampus, a structure in the brain, plays a crucial role in forming new explicit memories, while the basal ganglia and cerebellum are involved in implicit memory consolidation. Damage to the hippocampus, as seen in the famous case of patient H.M., can result in the inability to form new explicit memories while leaving implicit memory and short-term memory intact." Complete the summary below using words from the box. | hippocampus — working — explicit — skills — short-term — cerebellum | |-----------------------------------------------------------------| Memory consists of multiple systems. ______ memory holds information temporarily for about 15 to 30 seconds. Long-term memory includes ______ memory for conscious recall and ______ memory for unconscious ______. The ______ is crucial for forming new explicit memories, while the ______ helps consolidate implicit memory." a) Short-term — explicit — skills — working — hippocampus — cerebellum b) Working — explicit — implicit — skills — hippocampus — cerebellum c) Short-term — implicit — explicit — working — cerebellum — hippocampus d) Working — short-term — implicit — skills — cerebellum — hippocampus

Passage excerpt: "Inflation, the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services rises, erodes purchasing power when wages do not keep pace. Central banks, such as the Federal Reserve in the United States, typically target an inflation rate of around 2 percent per year, believing that a low and stable inflation rate promotes economic growth. When inflation is too low, consumers may delay purchases in anticipation of further price declines, slowing economic activity. When inflation is too high, it creates uncertainty, making it difficult for businesses to plan for the future and for savers to maintain the value of their assets. Central banks use monetary policy tools, primarily interest rate adjustments, to manage inflation: raising interest rates reduces borrowing and spending, cooling the economy, while lowering rates stimulates economic activity." Complete the summary below using words from the box. | purchasing — stable — borrowing — wages — decline — growth | |----------------------------------------------------------| Inflation erodes ______ power when ______ do not keep pace with rising prices. Central banks target approximately 2 percent inflation to promote ______. If inflation is too low, consumers may delay purchases expecting prices to ______. Central banks raise interest rates to reduce ______ and spending, thereby cooling the economy." a) purchasing — wages — growth — decline — borrowing b) wages — purchasing — decline — borrowing — growth c) purchasing — growth — wages — decline — borrowing d) wages — growth — purchasing — decline — borrowing

Passage excerpt: "The peopling of the Americas represents one of the most fascinating chapters in human migration. The prevailing theory holds that the first humans crossed from Siberia to Alaska via a land bridge known as Beringia, which connected the two regions during the last Ice Age when sea levels were significantly lower. These early migrants, following herds of large mammals such as mammoths and bison, gradually spread throughout North and South America. Recent archaeological discoveries, including sites in Chile dated to approximately 15,000 years ago, suggest that some groups may have traveled along the Pacific coast by boat, a route known as the kelp highway. Genetic evidence supports this coastal migration model, showing that all Indigenous peoples of the Americas descend from a single ancestral population that diverged from East Asian groups roughly 20,000 years ago." Complete the summary below using words from the box. | Beringia | Ice Age | coastal | genetic | |---------|---------|---------|---------| The first humans reached the Americas by crossing the land bridge called ______ during the last ______. Some groups may have used a ______ route along the Pacific. ______ evidence supports a single ancestral population. a) Beringia — Ice Age — coastal — genetic b) Ice Age — Beringia — genetic — coastal c) coastal — genetic — Beringia — Ice Age d) genetic — coastal — Ice Age — Beringia