Note Completion Mock Tests

Passage excerpt: "Trophic cascades occur when predators at the top of a food chain affect populations at lower trophic levels, sometimes in unexpected ways. The most famous example involves sea otters in the Pacific kelp forests. Sea otters prey on sea urchins, which feed on kelp. Where otter populations are healthy, urchin numbers are kept low and kelp forests thrive. Where otters have been hunted to near extinction — as happened along the California coast in the 18th and 19th centuries — urchin populations explode and decimate kelp forests, creating what ecologists call urchin barrens. The reintroduction of otters in some areas has led to remarkable recovery of kelp forests, demonstrating the disproportionate influence of apex predators on entire ecosystems. Similar cascading effects have been documented with wolves in Yellowstone National Park, where their reintroduction in 1995 changed not just elk behaviour but river morphology, as reduced browsing allowed willow and aspen regeneration, which in turn stabilised riverbanks." Complete the notes below using words from the box: predators, prey, barren, forest, herbivores, coral. Sea otters are apex ______ that control sea urchin populations. Without otters, urchins overconsume kelp, creating ______. Reintroduction of otters leads to kelp forest recovery. In Yellowstone, wolves changed elk behaviour and allowed ______ regeneration, which stabilised riverbanks. a) prey — barren — coral b) predators — barren — forest c) herbivores — forest — prey d) predators — coral — herbivores

Passage excerpt: "The Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the late 18th century, brought about significant changes in manufacturing, transportation, and social structure. Before this period, most people lived in rural areas and worked in agriculture. The establishment of factories led to rapid urbanization, as people migrated from the countryside to cities in search of work. By 1851, more than half of Britain's population lived in urban areas for the first time in history. This massive demographic shift created new social challenges, including overcrowded housing, poor sanitation, and pollution, which were documented by contemporary observers such as Friedrich Engels and Charles Dickens." Complete the notes below. Choose ONE word only from the passage for each answer. Notes: Urbanization during the Industrial Revolution - Most people previously lived in ______ areas. - Factories attracted workers to ______. - By 1851, over half of Britain's population was ______. - Social problems included overcrowding and ______. a) rural — cities — urbanized — pollution b) agricultural — towns — industrialized — noise c) countryside — factories — metropolitan — disease d) farming — centers — populated — waste

Passage excerpt: "The Sahara Desert, spanning much of North Africa, is the largest hot desert in the world, covering an area of approximately 9.2 million square kilometers. Despite its current arid conditions, the region was once home to lush grasslands and lakes. Rock art found in caves across the Sahara depicts animals such as hippos, elephants, and cattle, suggesting that the area once supported a rich ecosystem. Climate scientists believe that changes in Earth's orbital patterns, known as Milankovitch cycles, triggered a shift in monsoon patterns around 5,000 years ago, gradually transforming the green landscape into the desert we see today." Complete the notes below using words from the box. | animals | climate | size | history | vegetation | water | The Sahara covers approximately ______ square kilometers. Rock art shows that the region once supported various ______, including hippos and elephants, indicating a very different ______ from today's desert environment. a) 9.2 million — animals — vegetation b) 9.2 million — vegetation — climate c) 9.2 million — animals — climate d) 9.2 million — water — vegetation

Passage excerpt: "Chemical bonds hold atoms together to form molecules. The three main types of chemical bonds are ionic, covalent, and metallic. In an ionic bond, one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another, creating positively and negatively charged ions that attract each other. This typically occurs between a metal and a nonmetal. In a covalent bond, atoms share pairs of electrons. This usually occurs between two nonmetals. Covalent bonds can be single (one shared pair), double (two shared pairs), or triple (three shared pairs). In a metallic bond, electrons are delocalized and move freely among a lattice of metal atoms, which explains why metals conduct electricity and are malleable." Complete the notes below. | Types of chemical bonds | |---| | Ionic bond: electrons are ______ from one atom to another | | Covalent bond: atoms ______ pairs of electrons | | Metallic bond: electrons are ______ and move freely | | Ionic bonds typically occur between a ______ and a nonmetal | a) transferred — share — delocalized — metal b) shared — transferred — free — nonmetal c) delocalized — shared — transferred — metal d) transferred — shared — ionized — nonmetal

Passage excerpt: "Sound travels as mechanical waves through a medium such as air, water, or solids. The speed of sound varies depending on the medium: it travels fastest in solids, slower in liquids, and slowest in gases. In air at room temperature, sound travels at approximately 343 meters per second. The pitch of a sound is determined by its frequency, measured in Hertz (Hz), while the loudness is determined by its amplitude. Humans can typically hear sounds with frequencies between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz. Sounds below 20 Hz are called infrasound, and those above 20,000 Hz are called ultrasound, which is used in medical imaging and sonar technology." Complete the notes below. | Properties of sound | |---| | Sound travels fastest in ______, slowest in gases | | Speed in air at room temperature: approximately ______ meters per second | | Pitch is determined by ______; loudness by ______ | | Human hearing range: 20 Hz to ______ Hz | a) liquids — 343 — amplitude — frequency — 10,000 b) solids — 343 — frequency — amplitude — 20,000 c) solids — 243 — frequency — amplitude — 20,000 d) gases — 343 — frequency — amplitude — 20,000

Passage excerpt: "Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms. There are two main types of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells, found in bacteria and archaea, lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Their DNA exists as a single circular chromosome in the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic cells, found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists, have a membrane-bound nucleus that houses their DNA, as well as various organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus. Plant cells have additional structures not found in animal cells, including a rigid cell wall made of cellulose, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and a large central vacuole for storage." Complete the notes below. | Comparison of cell types | |---| | Prokaryotic cells: no ______, no membrane-bound organelles | | Eukaryotic cells: have ______ that houses DNA | | Plant cells have ______ for photosynthesis | | Plant cells have a rigid ______ made of cellulose | a) cell wall — cytoplasm — mitochondria — cell membrane b) nucleus — a nucleus — chloroplasts — cell wall c) mitochondria — a vacuole — cell wall — chloroplasts d) nucleus — cytoplasm — chloroplasts — cell membrane

Passage excerpt: "Deforestation in the Amazon rainforest has reached critical levels, with approximately 17% of the original forest already lost. The loss of trees not only destroys habitat for countless species but also reduces the forest's capacity to absorb carbon dioxide, accelerating climate change. Local communities are affected in multiple ways: indigenous peoples lose their traditional lands, while farmers face changing rainfall patterns that make agriculture increasingly difficult. The Brazilian government has implemented various programs to combat deforestation, including the Creation of Protected Areas and the Monitoring of the Amazon using satellite technology. Between 2004 and 2012, deforestation rates decreased by 80%, but they increased again after 2013." Complete the notes below. Choose ONE word only from the passage for each answer. Notes: Amazon deforestation - Approximately ______ of the original forest has been lost. - Deforestation reduces the forest's ability to absorb ______. - Indigenous peoples lose their ______ lands. - Deforestation rates decreased by ______ between 2004 and 2012. a) 17% — carbon dioxide — traditional — 80% b) 20% — oxygen — ancestral — 75% c) 15% — greenhouse gases — historical — 85% d) 25% — carbon — native — 90%

Passage excerpt: "The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. The process begins with evaporation, where solar energy converts liquid water from oceans, lakes, and rivers into water vapor that rises into the atmosphere. Transpiration from plants also contributes water vapor. As the vapor rises and cools, it condenses into tiny water droplets or ice crystals, forming clouds. When these droplets combine and grow heavy enough, precipitation occurs in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Some precipitation flows over the surface as runoff, eventually reaching oceans and lakes, while some infiltrates the ground to become groundwater, which may resurface through springs or be extracted via wells." Complete the notes below. | Stages of the water cycle | |---| | Solar energy causes ______ from bodies of water | | Plants contribute through ______ | | Vapor cools and forms ______ through condensation | | Precipitation becomes ______ or infiltrates as groundwater | a) condensation — evaporation — clouds — vapor b) evaporation — transpiration — clouds — runoff c) evaporation — precipitation — droplets — runoff d) transpiration — condensation — vapor — groundwater