Yes/No/Not Given Mock Tests

Passage excerpt: "The Hadza people of Tanzania are one of the last groups of hunter-gatherers living in their traditional way of life. Studies of the Hadza diet have revealed remarkable differences from modern Western diets. A typical Hadza daily intake consists of approximately 2,300 calories, with roughly 30 per cent from fat, 50 per cent from carbohydrates, and 20 per cent from protein. Their fibre intake has been estimated at 100 to 150 grams per day — more than five times the average Western intake. This high fibre diet supports a diverse gut microbiome, with Hadza individuals harbouring up to 40 per cent more microbial diversity than people in industrialised countries. Researchers are investigating whether the loss of microbial diversity in modern populations contributes to the rise of autoimmune diseases, allergies, and inflammatory conditions in the developed world. The Hadza also show seasonal variation in their gut microbiome, shifting dramatically between the dry season, when they hunt animals, and the wet season, when they forage for berries and honey." The writer believes that studying the Hadza could lead to treatments for autoimmune diseases. a) YES b) NO c) NOT GIVEN d) YES AND NO

Passage excerpt: "The phenomenon of quiet quitting — where employees do the minimum required by their job description — has gained significant attention since the pandemic. Sociologists argue that quiet quitting reflects a broader shift in worker attitudes toward career commitment. Unlike traditional employment relationships where loyalty was exchanged for job security, the modern workplace demands a renegotiation of the psychological contract between employer and employee. Research from the Harvard Business Review indicates that 75% of millennials report feeling disengaged at work, citing lack of recognition and limited growth opportunities as primary factors. However, critics counter that quiet quitting is not a new phenomenon but rather a rebranding of long-standing workplace behaviors, and that the real issue lies in management practices rather than generational attitudes." The writer suggests that quiet quitting is fundamentally different from past workplace behaviors. a) YES b) NO c) NOT GIVEN

Passage excerpt: "The concept of the digital divide refers to the gap between those who have easy access to modern information and communication technologies and those who do not. While internet penetration has increased dramatically in developed nations, millions of people in developing countries still lack basic digital connectivity. Some experts argue that the digital divide is narrowing as mobile phone technology spreads to remote areas. Others contend that even as access improves, the quality of that access — including bandwidth, device capability, and digital literacy — creates a new form of inequality that may be harder to bridge." The writer believes that the digital divide is completely resolved. a) YES b) NO c) NOT GIVEN

Passage excerpt: "The debate over online education versus traditional classroom learning has intensified as technology advances. Proponents of online learning emphasize flexibility, accessibility, and the ability to learn at one's own pace. Students can access courses from anywhere in the world, often at a lower cost than on-campus programs. However, critics argue that online education lacks the social interaction and engagement that face-to-face instruction provides. Studies have produced mixed results: some research shows online students perform equally well on standardized tests, while others suggest that students in traditional settings demonstrate deeper comprehension and higher retention rates. The effectiveness of either approach may depend on the subject matter, the learning style of the individual, and the quality of the instructional design." The writer believes that online education is superior to traditional classroom learning in every aspect.

Passage excerpt: "Some economists argue that universal basic income (UBI) would reduce work incentives and lead to widespread unemployment. However, pilot programs in Finland, Canada, and Kenya have shown mixed but generally positive results. In Finland's two-year trial, recipients reported lower stress and better mental health, though employment levels remained largely unchanged. Critics of UBI also point to the enormous cost of implementing such a program, estimating it could require up to 20% of a nation's GDP. Proponents counter that UBI could reduce spending on bureaucratic welfare administration and that automation-driven job displacement makes it an economic necessity rather than a luxury." The writer believes that UBI would definitely increase unemployment. a) YES b) NO c) NOT GIVEN

Passage excerpt: "Climate change, primarily driven by the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, is one of the most pressing challenges facing humanity. Since the Industrial Revolution, the burning of fossil fuels has released vast quantities of carbon dioxide and methane, trapping heat in the atmosphere and raising global average temperatures. The consequences are already visible: rising sea levels, melting polar ice caps, more frequent and severe weather events, and disruptions to ecosystems worldwide. Scientists agree that without significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, global temperatures could rise by more than 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, leading to catastrophic and irreversible effects. However, transitioning to renewable energy, protecting forests, and adopting sustainable agricultural practices offer pathways to mitigate the worst impacts." The writer believes that individual actions are the most effective way to combat climate change. a) YES b) NO c) NOT GIVEN

Passage excerpt: "Some critics argue that standardized testing creates an overly rigid educational environment that stifles creativity. However, proponents contend that standardized tests provide an objective measure of student performance and help identify students who need additional support. The debate continues, with some countries reforming their testing systems while others maintaining the status quo." The writer believes that standardized testing is entirely beneficial. a) YES b) NO c) NOT GIVEN

Passage excerpt: "Universal Basic Income (UBI) has moved from the fringes of economic theory to the centre of policy debate. Proponents argue that a guaranteed monthly payment would eliminate bureaucratic waste associated with means-tested welfare programmes and provide a safety net in an era of increasing job insecurity due to automation. Critics counter that UBI would be prohibitively expensive, potentially requiring tax increases that could stifle economic growth. A 2021 study of UBI pilots in Finland found modest improvements in well-being and mental health among recipients, but no significant effect on employment rates. The debate continues as more governments experiment with partial UBI schemes and guaranteed income programmes." The 2021 Finland study showed that UBI recipients found jobs more easily. a) YES b) NO c) NOT GIVEN d) YES AND NO